@@@ SCIENCES 1A ASTRONOMY AND EARTH SCIENCES Shape of the Earth geographic coordinates and orientation Main motions of the Earth and the moon and their consequences Kepler's laws and planetary motion The solar system and the main features of rocky and gaseous planets Stars and galaxies Stellar evolution and Big Bang theory Introduction to the marine hydrosphere features wave motion and tides Introduction to the continental hydrosphere hydrological balance characteristics of lakes rivers and glaciers CHEMISTRY Intensive and extensive quantities Mass weight and density Main units of measurement Heat and temperature Concept of substance atom and molecule Elements and compounds homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Physical and chemical transformations State passages Periodic table and periodic properties of the elements Read ponderals law of Lavoisier 1AS Astronomy the sky and constellations beyond the solar system the distances between the stars, the length and the astronomical unit extensive and intensive quantities length time volume mass weight pressure density the length - the submultiples the distances between the stars the optical telescope the milky way and other galaxies The H-R diagram birth life and death of a star The Earth in space Earth and solar system the poles and the equator parallels and meridians geographic coordinates horizon cardinal points and orientation Motion of revolution consequences - seasons astronomical areas the laws of Kepler Rotation motion and its consequences The Moon and its motions characteristics of the Moon the lunar motions the theories of lunar formation theory of accretion impact theory double impact theory The lunar phases eclipses The solar system the structure of the Sun and the planets of the solar system (general characteristics) The hydrosphere Ocean waters marine hydrosphere and hydrological cycle - salinity and temperature Continental waters salinity the hydrological balance and its magnitudes the water courses the basin and the hydrographic network Properties of water courses slope scope and regime The modeling action of water courses erosion transport and storage the excretion fans the floodplains the river valleys Evolution of water courses meandrizzazione Water mirrors lake classification and evolution Groundwater mineral waters 6 The landscape glacial forms and geomorphology introduction to landscape analysis Article 9 of the Constitution protects the landscape the elements of the landscape physical elements the vegetation the anthropic elements Landscape analysis 1B EARTH SCIENCES The Earth in space Earth and solar system Rotation motion Poli and equatore Motion of revolution Shape and dimensions of the Earth Orientation parallel Meridiani Horizon Cardinal points and orientation Geographic coordinates Time Zones Consequences of the motions of the Earth Consequences of the motion of rotation Consequences of the motion of revolution The moon and its motions Moon phases and eclipses Solar system and Sun. The bodies of the solar system Characteristics of the sun Kepler's laws Universal gravitation The planets (general characters) The Earth in space Earth and solar system Rotation motion Poli and equatore Motion of revolution Shape and dimensions of the Earth Orientation parallel Meridiani Horizon Cardinal points and orientation Geographic coordinates Time Zones Consequences of the motions of the Earth Consequences of the motion of rotation Consequences of the motion of revolution The moon and its motions Moon phases and eclipses Solar system and Sun. The bodies of the solar system Characteristics of the sun Kepler's laws Universal gravitation The planets (general characters) Beyond the solar system Heaven and constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude absolute and apparent star specters Milky Way and other galaxies Doppler and red-shift effect Expansion of the universe and the Big Bang Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere and hydrological cycle Salinity and temperature The waves The currents The tsunamis Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance P = R + ET + I Hydrographic and hydrogeological basins Properties of water courses "property of the lakes" Evolution of the lakes The underground waters Permeability and porosity Groundwater and artesian strata Glaciers and permanent snow limit Continental and mountain glaciers Morphology and movements of an alpine glacier CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method "the international system" Extensive and intensive quantities length time volume mass weight pressure density Physical transformations The material and its characteristics Homogeneous and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures State passages Separation methods Chemical transformations Definition and comparison with physical transformations Elements and compounds Plenty of elements and symbols Classification of the elements in the periodic table Theories of matter The history of the atom The weight laws The atomic theory 1BS ASTRONOMY AND EARTH SCIENCES Shape of the Earth geographic coordinates and orientation Main motions of the Earth and the moon and their consequences Kepler's laws and planetary motion The solar system and the main features of rocky and gaseous planets Stars and galaxies Stellar evolution and Big Bang theory Introduction to the marine hydrosphere features wave motion and tides Introduction to the continental hydrosphere hydrological balance characteristics of lakes rivers and glaciers CHEMISTRY Intensive and extensive quantities Mass weight and density Main units of measurement Heat and temperature Concept of substance atom and molecule Elements and compounds homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Physical and chemical transformations State passages Periodic table and periodic properties of the elements Read ponderals 1C The planet Earth Earth and solar system Rotation motion angular velocity and linear rotation speed Poli and equatore Motion of revolution aphelion and perihelion Shape and dimensions of the Earth The reference systems on Earth Parallels and meridians The horizon Cardinal points Orient yourself using the Sun and the stars The compass The geographical coordinates latitude longitude and altitude Time Zones Solar energy flow Angle of incidence of solar rays and height of the sun The motions of the Earth and their consequences The rotation of the Earth is the alternation of day and night The motion of revolution and the alternation of the seasons Solstices and equinoxes Astronomical zones The moon The characteristics of the Moon The motions of the Moon and the phases of the moon Eclipses The solar system and the sun The bodies of the solar system The formation of the Sun and the solar system The characteristics and structure of the Sun Kepler's laws The law of universal gravitation The planets of the solar system Rocky planets (land) Mercury Venus Earth and Mars Gaseous planets (Jovian) Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Dwarf planets Beyond the solar system The sky and the constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude of the stars Star specters electromagnetic spectrum HR diagram Life cycle of the stars The galaxies the Milky Way Doppler effect Expansion of the universe The Big Bang theory The fate of the Universe Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere Water cycle Properties of marine waters salinity dissolved gases temperature and brightness Variety of marine motions The waves The tides The sea currents The tsunamis Sea pollution Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance Waterways Movement of running waters CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method The international system of units of measurement Intensive and extensive quantities Mass and weight The density Temperature and heat Precise measurements and accurate measurements The physical transformations of matter The material and its characteristics Homogeneous systems and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures Status changes Pressure and status changes Main methods of separation of mixtures and substances The chemical transformations of matter From physical transformations to chemical transformations Elements and compounds Classification of the elements Periodic table 1CS ASTRONOMY AND EARTH SCIENCES Shape of the Earth geographic coordinates and orientation Main motions of the Earth and the moon and their consequences Kepler's laws and planetary motion The solar system and the main features of rocky and gaseous planets Stars and galaxies Stellar evolution and Big Bang theory Introduction to the marine hydrosphere features wave motion and tides Introduction to the continental hydrosphere hydrological balance characteristics of lakes rivers and glaciers CHEMISTRY Intensive and extensive quantities Mass weight and density Main units of measurement Heat and temperature Concept of substance atom and molecule Elements and compounds homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures Physical and chemical transformations State passages Periodic table and periodic properties of the elements Read ponderals 1D The planet Earth Earth and solar system Rotation motion angular velocity and linear rotation speed Poli and equatore Motion of revolution aphelion and perihelion Shape and dimensions of the Earth The reference systems on Earth Parallels and meridians The horizon Cardinal points Orient yourself using the Sun and the stars The compass The geographical coordinates latitude longitude and altitude Time Zones Solar energy flow Angle of incidence of solar rays and height of the sun The motions of the Earth and their consequences The rotation of the Earth is the alternation of day and night The motion of revolution and the alternation of the seasons Solstices and equinoxes Astronomical zones The moon The characteristics of the Moon The motions of the Moon and the phases of the moon Eclipses The solar system and the sun The bodies of the solar system The formation of the Sun and the solar system The characteristics and structure of the Sun Kepler's laws The law of universal gravitation The planets of the solar system Rocky planets (land) Mercury Venus Earth and Mars Gaseous planets (Jovian) Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Dwarf planets Beyond the solar system The sky and the constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude of the stars Star specters electromagnetic spectrum HR diagram Life cycle of the stars The galaxies the Milky Way Doppler effect Expansion of the universe The Big Bang theory The fate of the Universe Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere Water cycle Properties of marine waters salinity dissolved gases temperature and brightness Variety of marine motions The waves The tides The sea currents The tsunamis Sea pollution Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance Waterways Movement of running waters CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method The international system of units of measurement Intensive and extensive quantities Mass and weight The density Temperature and heat Precise measurements and accurate measurements The physical transformations of matter The material and its characteristics Homogeneous systems and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures Status changes Pressure and status changes Main methods of separation of mixtures and substances The chemical transformations of matter From physical transformations to chemical transformations Elements and compounds Classification of the elements Periodic table 1Ds EARTH SCIENCE The planet Earth Earth and solar system Rotation motion angular velocity and linear rotation speed Poli and equatore Motion of revolution aphelion and perihelion Shape and dimensions of the Earth The reference systems on Earth Parallels and meridians The horizon Cardinal points Orient yourself using the Sun and the stars The compass The geographical coordinates latitude longitude and altitude Time Zones Solar energy flow Angle of incidence of solar rays and height of the sun The motions of the Earth and their consequences The rotation of the Earth is the alternation of day and night The motion of revolution and the alternation of the seasons Solstices and equinoxes Astronomical zones The moon The characteristics of the Moon The motions of the Moon and the phases of the moon Eclipses The solar system and the sun The bodies of the solar system The formation of the Sun and the solar system The characteristics and structure of the Sun Kepler's laws The law of universal gravitation The planets of the solar system Rocky planets (land) Mercury Venus Earth and Mars Gaseous planets (Jovian) Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Dwarf planets Beyond the solar system The sky and the constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude of the stars Star specters electromagnetic spectrum HR diagram Life cycle of the stars The galaxies the Milky Way Doppler effect Expansion of the universe The Big Bang theory The fate of the Universe Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere Water cycle Properties of marine waters salinity dissolved gases temperature and brightness Variety of marine motions The waves The tides The sea currents The tsunamis Sea pollution Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance Waterways Movement of running waters CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method The international system of units of measurement Intensive and extensive quantities Mass and weight The density Temperature and heat Precise measurements and accurate measurements The physical transformations of matter The material and its characteristics Homogeneous systems and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures Status changes Pressure and status changes Main methods of separation of mixtures and substances The chemical transformations of matter From physical transformations to chemical transformations Elements and compounds Classification of the elements Periodic table 1E EARTH SCIENCE The planet Earth Earth and solar system Rotation motion angular velocity and linear rotation speed Poli and equatore Motion of revolution aphelion and perihelion Shape and dimensions of the Earth The reference systems on Earth Parallels and meridians The horizon Cardinal points Orient yourself using the Sun and the stars The compass The geographical coordinates latitude longitude and altitude Time Zones Solar energy flow Angle of incidence of solar rays and height of the sun The motions of the Earth and their consequences The rotation of the Earth is the alternation of day and night The motion of revolution and the alternation of the seasons Solstices and equinoxes Astronomical zones The moon The characteristics of the Moon The motions of the Moon and the phases of the moon Eclipses The solar system and the sun The bodies of the solar system The formation of the Sun and the solar system The characteristics and structure of the Sun Kepler's laws The law of universal gravitation The planets of the solar system Rocky planets (land) Mercury Venus Earth and Mars Gaseous planets (Jovian) Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Dwarf planets Beyond the solar system The sky and the constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude of the stars Star specters electromagnetic spectrum HR diagram Life cycle of the stars The galaxies the Milky Way Doppler effect Expansion of the universe The Big Bang theory The fate of the Universe Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere Water cycle Properties of marine waters salinity dissolved gases temperature and brightness Variety of marine motions The waves The tides The sea currents The tsunamis Sea pollution Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance Waterways Movement of running waters CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method The international system of units of measurement Intensive and extensive quantities Mass and weight The density Temperature and heat Precise measurements and accurate measurements The physical transformations of matter The material and its characteristics Homogeneous systems and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures Status changes Pressure and status changes Main methods of separation of mixtures and substances The chemical transformations of matter From physical transformations to chemical transformations Elements and compounds Classification of the elements Periodic table 1es EARTH SCIENCE The planet Earth Earth and solar system Rotation motion angular velocity and linear rotation speed Poli and equatore Motion of revolution aphelion and perihelion Shape and dimensions of the Earth The reference systems on Earth Parallels and meridians The horizon Cardinal points Orient yourself using the Sun and the stars The compass The geographical coordinates latitude longitude and altitude Time Zones Solar energy flow Angle of incidence of solar rays and height of the sun The motions of the Earth and their consequences The rotation of the Earth is the alternation of day and night The motion of revolution and the alternation of the seasons Solstices and equinoxes Astronomical zones The moon The characteristics of the Moon The motions of the Moon and the phases of the moon Eclipses The solar system and the sun The bodies of the solar system The formation of the Sun and the solar system The characteristics and structure of the Sun Kepler's laws The law of universal gravitation The planets of the solar system Rocky planets (land) Mercury Venus Earth and Mars Gaseous planets (Jovian) Jupiter Saturn Uranus and Neptune Dwarf planets Beyond the solar system The sky and the constellations The distances between the stars Brightness and magnitude of the stars Star specters electromagnetic spectrum HR diagram Life cycle of the stars The galaxies the Milky Way Doppler effect Expansion of the universe The Big Bang theory The fate of the Universe Ocean waters Marine hydrosphere Water cycle Properties of marine waters salinity dissolved gases temperature and brightness Variety of marine motions The waves The tides The sea currents The tsunamis Sea pollution Continental waters Fresh water tanks Hydrological balance Waterways Movement of running waters CHEMISTRY Measurements and sizes The scientific method The international system of units of measurement Intensive and extensive quantities Mass and weight The density Temperature and heat Precise measurements and accurate measurements The physical transformations of matter The material and its characteristics Homogeneous systems and heterogeneous systems Pure substances Homogeneous mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures Status changes Pressure and status changes Main methods of separation of mixtures and substances The chemical transformations of matter From physical transformations to chemical transformations Elements and compounds Classification of the elements Periodic table 2A Elements periodic table and chemical bonds Atomic number mass number and isotopes Hydrogen bond and water properties The mole and its stoichiometric calculations Molar volume Gas laws Equation of state of ideal gases BIOLOGY Biomolecules and energy The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Structure and functions of the main cellular organelles Differences between animal and plant cells Cell membranes (features and functions) Cell division and reproduction Mitosis and meiosis 2As Theories of matter historical aspects of the concept of atom weighty laws Lavoisier Proust and Dalton Dalton's atomic model atomic theory and properties of matter The mole and Avogadro's number Classification and nomenclature of inorganic compounds names of substances valence and oxidation number inorganic compound families properties of binary compounds IUPAC and traditional nomenclature of binary compounds properties of ternary compounds traditional and IUPAC nomenclature of ternary compounds Carbon Chemistry properties of the carbon atom aliphatic hydrocarbons saturated and unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbons isomerism polymerization main nomenclature rules BIOLOGY Chemistry of life functional groups condensation and hydrolysis reaction carbohydrates chemism and functions monosaccharides and disaccharides polysaccharides α bond and β bond lipids chemism and functions glycerides phospholipids and steroids protein chemism and functions main amino acids primary structure secondary tertiary and quaternary nucleic acids chemism and functions nucleotides DNA and RNA cell comparison concept of living being cell size prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells characteristics of prokaryotic cells characteristics of eukaryotic cells chemistry and functions of nucleus and ribosomes internal membranes and vacuoles system mitochondria and chloroplasts cytoskeleton lashes and flagella extracellular structures animal and plant cell comparison Cell and environment the living and the relationships with the environment A TP and biochemical energy enzymes and metabolic reactions cell membrane structure transport mechanisms entering and leaving the cell ion channels and specificity endocytosis and exocytosis Cell division and reproduction of organisms cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes cell cycle and mitosis Evolution of living things the first theories on the history of life Darwin and the birth of modern evolutionism autotrophy and heterotrophy anaerobiosis and aerobiosis the origin and development of life endosymbiosis theory phylogenesis and Biodiversity classification kingdom of the Monere kingdom of the Protists kingdom of the Mushrooms Kingdom of Plants kingdom of animals 2B CHEMISTRY Mole and gases The mass of atoms and molecules Background Atomic mass and molecular mass Count for piers Avogadro's constant and calculations with the moles Molar volume Chemical formulas and percentage composition Determination of minimum formula and molecular formula The equation of state of ideal gases The particles of the atom The electrical nature of matter and electrical properties The fundamental particles of the atom The discovery of the electron The rutherford experiment Atomic number mass number isotopes Water chemistry The water molecule is polar The hydrogen bond Physical properties of water (solid and liquid state specific heat boiling and evaporation surface tension capillarity) Chemical properties of water (solubility in water neutral aqueous solutions acidic or basic) BIOLOGY The chemistry of life Biomolecules The functional groups Biological macromolecules Biomolecules and energy The characteristics of carbohydrates Monosaccharides Glycosidic bond Polysaccharides The characteristics of lipids Triglycerides (fats and oils) Phospholipids and membranes Other lipids The characteristics of proteins Amino acids Primary structure secondary and tertiary Specific properties denaturation Nucleotides constitute nucleic acids Specificity of a nucleic acid Organisms need energy Cellular metabolism (meaning) The role of the ATP Enzymes Spontaneous generation and origin of life in water Life could have come from space Chemical evolution explains the appearance of biomolecules The cell Cell size and the microscope Prokaryotic cells The specialized structures of prokaryotic cells The compartmentalisation of the eukaryotic cell The nucleus and genetic information Ribosomes and protein synthesis Rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes and vacuoles Chloroplasts and mitochondria Cytoskeleton lashes and flagella The plant cell wall The extracellular matrix The origin of cells Cell membranes The fluid mosaic model Lipids proteins and carbohydrates in the membranes adhesion occluding junctions communicating desmosomes and junctions Diffusion without energy consumption Diffusion through a semipermeable membrane Simple diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport with energy consumption Endocytosis and exocytosis Cell division and reproduction Cell division and binary splitting Cell cycle DNA duplication and spiraling The phases of mitosis cytokinesis Sexual reproduction and meiosis Meiosis i and meiosis ii Evolutionary meaning of sexual reproduction The evolution of living beings Concept of species The classification system of organisms Phylogenetic trees Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) Protists Plants mushrooms Pets 2Bs BIOLOGY Water properties isomers and functional groups (2) Biomolecules and energy structure and function of carbohydrates lipids protein nucleic acids cellular metabolism origin of biomolecules (3) The cell prokaryotic cells eukaryotic cells endocellular organelles structures extracellular cell origin (4) Cell membranes membrane structure cellular recognition and adhesion simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion active transport and passive transport endocytosis ed exocytosis (5) Mitosis and meiosis (7) Biodiversity archei domain domain bacteria eukaryotic domain (protist kingdom kingdom mushrooms kingdom plants animal kingdom) (9) CHEMISTRY Theories of matter atomic theory and weight laws property of the matter theory kinetics and state changes thermal stop and latent heat 4) Amount atomic mass molecular mass formula weight mass molar mass constant of Avogadro 5) The particles of the atom atomic number mass number isotopes experiment of Rutherford 7 par 1-2-3-4-5-6) Water chemistry covalent bonds ionic bonds polar molecules hydrogen bonds chemical-physical properties of water 8) 2C CHEMISTRY Elements periodic table and chemical bonds Atomic number mass number and isotopes Hydrogen bond and water properties The mole and its stoichiometric calculations Molar volume Gas laws Equation of state of ideal gases BIOLOGY Biomolecules and energy The prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell Structure and functions of the main cellular organelles Differences between animal and plant cells Cell membranes (features and functions) Cell division and reproduction Mitosis and meiosis 2CS Chemistry Review of the preparatory topics for the performance of the second program and definition of the basics of chemistry The structure of the atom Subatomic particles Intramolecular chemical bonds covalent ionic metallic Intermolecular bonds hydrogen bond Water and its properties - water chemistry - with laboratory activities The mole - with laboratory activities The electrical properties of the material - - with laboratory activities Biology Biology studies the living - the dimensions of living beings and their hierarchical organization The chemistry of life life depends on water the properties of biomolecules Biomolecules and energy (- excluding lesson 6) We observe the cell (- except lesson 9) - with laboratory activities on the use of the optical microscope and preparation of preparations with and without staining (animal cells vegetable yeast bacteria) Cell membranes - - with laboratory activity on osmosis in Elodea cells Cell division and reproduction - - with laboratory activity on cells of onion root tips in search of mitotic cells 2D The chemical quantity amount The mass of atoms and molecules Background how much an atom or a molecule weighs atomic mass and molecular mass count for piers chemical formulas and percentage composition The particles of the atom The electrical nature of matter the discovery of electrical properties the fundamental particles of the atom the discovery of the electron the Rutherford experiment the atomic number identifies the elements Water chemistry How chemical bonds are formed covalent and ionic bonds the water molecule is polar the hydrogen bond is formed between water molecules water has a peculiar behavior physical properties water has a peculiar behavior chemical properties Chemical nomenclature Notes on the IUPAC and traditional nomenclature of binary compounds BIOLOGY Biology is the science of life Biology studies the living The chemistry of life Life depends on water The properties of biomolecules Biomolecules and energy Carbohydrates structure and functions Lipids structure and functions Proteins structure and functions Nucleic acids structure and functions Organisms and energy Origin of biomolecules We observe the cell The cell is the basic unit of life Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells. The characteristics of eukaryotic cells The nucleus and the ribosomes process the genetic information The internal membrane system The organelles that transform energy chloroplasts and mitochondria The cells move the cytoskeleton lashes and flagella The origin of cells Cell membranes The structure of biological membranes The role of the membrane in adhesion between cells The membranes regulate the exchange of substances entering and leaving the cell. Macromolecules enter and leave the cell by endocytosis and exocytosis Cell division and reproduction Cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Mitosis and the cell cycle Meiosis is the basis of sexual reproduction The evolutionary meaning of sexual reproduction The evolution of living beings The first scientific theories on the history of life Charles Darwin and the birth of modern evolutionism Biodiversity prokaryotes protists plants mushrooms Notes on the classification of organisms definition of species 2E Chemistry Review of the preparatory topics for the performance of the second program and definition of the basics of chemistry The structure of the atom Subatomic particles Intramolecular chemical bonds covalent ionic metallic intermolecular bonds hydrogen bond Water and its properties - water chemistry The mole - with laboratory activity The electrical properties of matter Biology Biology studies the living The chemistry of life life depends on water the properties of biomolecules Biomolecules and energy (- excluding lesson 6) Let's look at the cell (- excluding lesson 9) Cell membranes Cell division and reproduction 3A Bosellini A Earth sciences Minerals rocks volcanoes earthquakes Volume B Zanichelli Sadava et al The new blue biology Genetics DNA and PLUS evolution Zanichelli Valitutti et al Chemistry concepts and models blue From the atomic structure to the electrochemistry Zan Earth Science natural elements and compounds minerals and their crystalline structure mineral formation physical properties of minerals polymorphism isomorphism amorphous solids classification criteria for minerals classification of silicates mafic and felsic silicates minerals non-silicates Biology Review on mitosis and meiosis review on biomolecules Discussion on evolution studied in the summer months First and second Mendel's law Punnett square alleles and chromosomes testcross Mendel's third law mutations and alleles poliallelia incomplete dominance codominance polygenic systems association and recombination groups sex chromosomes and autosomes legacy of sex-related genes Structure and function of DNA semi-conservative duplication a gene an enzyme / polypeptide transfer of information from DNA to RNA types of RNA transcription genetic code and translation post-translational modifications Somatic and germinal mutations point mutations chromosomal and karyotypic mutagenic substances and ionizing radiation Regulation of gene expression lac and trp operons Chemistry review on molecular mass molar mass mass The double nature of light the light of atoms Bohr atom double nature of the electron Heisenberg uncertainty principle quantum numbers and orbitals from the orbital to the shape of atoms hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics configuration of polyelectronic atoms classification of the elements modern periodic table Symbols of Lewis periodic properties of the elements metals non metals and semimetals binding energy inert gases and the Lewis octet rule covalent bond bond length multiple bonds dative bond polar covalent bond ionic bond and ionic compounds metal bond Periodic table and chemical bonds shape of molecules VSEPR theory the link according to quantum mechanics diatomic molecules and valence bond theory (VB) hybridization of atomic orbitals structure and function of nucleotides (ribonucleotides deoxyribonucleotides ATP / GTP / derivatives cAMP CoA NAD + / FAD / NADPH) and nucleic acids (DNA RNA) with detailed chemistry references organic and biochemical (functional groups hydroxyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone carbonyl carboxyl amine sulfhydryl condensation reactions etherification esterification tioesterificazione fosfoesterificazione amidation cyclization of monosaccharides adrenaline-mediated triglyceride lipase activation cascade) notes on acids and bases (definitions according to Arrhenius Bronsted / Lowry Lewis pH and pOH) - notes on redox reactions (definitions) - atomic models Thomson Rutherford Bohr Sommerfeld 3As Discipline Natural Science Classical genetics first and the second law of Mendel Punnett square alleles and chromosomes testcross Mendel's third law mutations and alleles poliallelia incomplete dominance codominance pleiotropy polygenic characters epistasis association and recombination groups sex chromosomes and autosomes legacy of sex-related genes A gene an enzyme / polypeptide transfer of information from DNA to RNA types of RNA transcription genetic code translation types of mutations effects of mutations introduction and transforming factor of Griffith Avery experiment experiment by Hershey and Chase the contribution of Franklin and Wilkins chemical composition of DNA Watson and Crick and the structure of DNA structure and function of DNA semiconservative duplication of DNA Post-transcription modification of proteins - mutations Gene regulation in prokaryotes the LAC operon - the Trp operon - the eukaryotic genome and its regulation CHEMISTRY The atomic model The double nature of light the "light" of atoms Bohr atom double nature of the electron Heisenberg uncertainty principle numbers quantum and orbital from the orbital to the shape of atoms hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics configuration of polyelectronic atoms Modern atomic theory the nucleus Nuclear forces and element stability nuclear decay and nuclear reactions Radiation and types of radioactive decay Nuclear energy the mass defect nuclear reactions fission and nuclear fusion The periodic system classification of the elements Mendeleev's periodic system modern periodic table symbols of Lewis periodic properties of the elements metals non metals and semimetals Chemical bonds binding energy inert gases and the Lewis octet rule covalent bond bond length multiple bonds dative bond polar covalent bond ionic bond and ionic compounds metal bond periodic table and chemical bonds shape of molecules VSEPR theory The new theories of the link the link according to quantum mechanics diatomic molecules and the molecular orbital theory (MO) hybridization of atomic orbitals The new theories of the link polar and apolar molecules dipole-dipole forces and London forces hydrogen bond links in comparison EARTH SCIENCE The earth an introductory look - study of the planet Earth Earth sciences and geological time chronology of the most significant events on our planet Primordial earth iron catastrophe " differentiation chemical zoning and physical zoning Atoms elements minerals and rocks natural elements and compounds minerals and their crystalline structure mineral formation physical properties of minerals polymorphism isomorphism amorphous solids classification criteria for minerals classification of silicates mafic and felsic silicates non-silicate minerals crust rocks and their recognition lithogenic cycle Magmatic process and igneous rocks magmatic process magmas and their genesis crystallization of magmas and differentiation igneous rocks the plutons batoliti and hypoabysmal bodies (strata-layer laccoliti dykes) The volcanoes definition and geological relations eruptive mechanism types of eruptions explosive and effusive volcanic activity styles and forms of volcanic products and apparatuses gas manifestations The volcanic risk forecasting and prevention 3C PROGRAM CARRIED OUT BIOLOGY From Mendel to inheritance models First and second Mendel's law Punnett Square alleles and chromosomes testcross Mendel's third law Mutations and alleles incomplete dominance Sex chromosomes and autosomes Inheritance of genes related to sex The language of life Introduction and transforming factor of Griffith Avery experiment Experiment by Hershey and Chase The contribution of Franklin and Wilkins Chemical composition of DNA Watson and Crick and the structure of DNA Structure and function of DNA Semi-conservative duplication of DNA The genome in action A gene an enzyme / polypeptide Transfer of information from DNA to RNA types of RNA Transcription Genetic code Translation Types of mutations Effects of mutations CHEMISTRY The structure of the atom Bohr atom Double nature of the electron Heisenberg's uncertainty principle Quantum numbers and orbitals From the orbital to the shape of atoms Hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics Configuration of polyelectronic atoms The periodic system Classification of the elements Mendeleev periodic system Modern periodic table Symbols of Lewis Periodic properties of the elements Metals non metals and semimetals Chemical bonds Bonding energy Inert gases and the Lewis octet rule Covalent bond bond length multiple bonds Dative bond Covalent polar bond Ionic bond and ionic compounds Metallic bond Periodic table and chemical bonds Shape of molecules VSEPR theory The new theories of the link The link according to quantum mechanics Diatomic molecules and valence bond theory (VB) Hybridization of atomic orbitals Intermolecular forces and condensed states Polar and apolar molecules Dipole-dipole forces and London forces Hydrogen bond Ties to comparison Classification and nomenclature The names of the substances Valence and number of oxidation Read and write the simplest formulas The classification of inorganic compounds Nomenclature of binary compounds 3Cs CHEMISTRY The structure of the atom The double nature of light the light of atoms the Bohr atom the double nature of the electron the wave equation quantum numbers and orbitals from the orbital to the shape of the atom the hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics the configuration of the polyelectronic atoms The periodic system The classification of the elements Mendeleev's periodic system the modern periodic table the periodic properties of the elements metals non metals semimetals Chemical bonds The binding energy noble gases and the octet rule the covalent bond the covalent dative bond the polar covalent bond the ionic bond the periodic table and the links between the elements the shape of the molecules the VSEPR theory The new bonding theories The limits of the Lewis theory the chemical bond according to quantum mechanics the diatomic molecules according to the valence bond theory hybridization of atomic orbitals Intermolecular forces and condensed states of matter Intermolecular forces polar and apolar molecules dipole-dipole forces and London forces the hydrogen bond links in comparison the classification of solids the structure of solids Classification and nomenclature of solids The names of the substances valence and oxidation number read and write the simplest formulas the classification of inorganic compounds the properties of binary compounds the nomenclature of binary compounds the properties of ternary compounds the nomenclature of ternary compounds the same topic is discussed in the volume of Chemistry and Earth Sciences BIOLOGY From Mendel to inheritance models Mendel's first and second lege the consequences of Mendel's second law the third law of Mendel how alleles interact how genes interact the relationship between genes and chromosomes chromosomal determination of sex gene transfer in prokaryotes The language of life Genes are DNA facts the structure of DNA DNA storage is semi-conservative Gene expression from DNA to proteins Genes guide the construction of proteins information passes from DNA to proteins the transcription from DNA to RNA translation from RNA to proteins mutations are changes in DNA Gene regulation Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes EARTH SCIENCE The earth an introductory look Earth sciences the formation of the Earth and its primordial evolution the earth a thermal machine Atoms elements minerals and rocks Crystals minerals and their properties systematic of minerals introduction to the study of rocks Magmatic process and igneous rocks Magmatic process genesis and evolution of magmas classification of igneous rocks The volcanoes Morphology activity and classification of volcanoes the products of volcanic activity 3D CHEMISTRY The structure of the atom The double nature of light the light of atoms the Bohr atom the double nature of the electron the wave equation quantum numbers and orbitals from the orbital to the shape of the atom the hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics the configuration of the polyelectronic atoms The periodic system The classification of the elements Mendeleev's periodic system the modern periodic table the periodic properties of the elements metals non metals semimetals Chemical bonds The binding energy noble gases and the octet rule the covalent bond the covalent dative bond the polar covalent bond the ionic bond the periodic table and the links between the elements the shape of the molecules the VSEPR theory The new bonding theories The limits of the Lewis theory the chemical bond according to quantum mechanics the diatomic molecules according to the valence bond theory hybridization of atomic orbitals Intermolecular forces and condensed states of matter Intermolecular forces polar and apolar molecules dipole-dipole forces and London forces the hydrogen bond links in comparison the classification of solids the structure of solids Classification and nomenclature of solids The names of the substances valence and oxidation number read and write the simplest formulas the classification of inorganic compounds the properties of binary compounds the nomenclature of binary compounds the properties of ternary compounds the nomenclature of ternary compounds the same topic is discussed in the volume of Chemistry and Earth Sciences BIOLOGY From Mendel to inheritance models Mendel's first and second lege the consequences of Mendel's second law the third law of Mendel how alleles interact how genes interact the relationship between genes and chromosomes chromosomal determination of sex gene transfer in prokaryotes The language of life Genes are DNA facts the structure of DNA DNA storage is semi-conservative Gene expression from DNA to proteins Genes guide the construction of proteins information passes from DNA to proteins the transcription from DNA to RNA translation from RNA to proteins mutations are changes in DNA Gene regulation Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes EARTH SCIENCE The earth an introductory look Earth sciences the formation of the Earth and its primordial evolution the earth a thermal machine Atoms elements minerals and rocks Crystals minerals and their properties systematic of minerals introduction to the study of rocks Magmatic process and igneous rocks Magmatic process genesis and evolution of magmas classification of igneous rocks The volcanoes Morphology activity and classification of volcanoes the products of volcanic activity 3Ds Bosellini A Earth sciences Minerals rocks volcanoes earthquakes Volume B Zanichelli Sadava et al The new blue biology Genetics DNA and PLUS evolution Zanichelli Valitutti et al Chemistry concepts and models blue From the atomic structure to the electrochemistry Zanichelli Earth Science Natural elements and compounds minerals and their crystalline structure mineral formation physical properties of minerals polymorphism isomorphism amorphous solids classification criteria for minerals classification of silicates mafic and felsic silicates minerals non-silicates Crust rocks and their recognition lithogenic cycle magmatic process magmas and their genesis crystallization of magmas and differentiation The igneous rocks the plutons batoliti and hypoabysmal bodies (strata-layer laccoliti dykes) definition and geological relations Earthquakes ( link with the http site ) ds iris edu / seismon / to view the seismic phenomena of recent weeks worldwide elastic rebound seismic waves intensity and magnitude seismic risk and prevention Biology Review on mitosis and meiosis review on biomolecules Discussion on evolution studied in the summer months First and second Mendel's law Punnett square alleles and chromosomes testcross Mendel's third law mutations and alleles poliallelia incomplete dominance codominance polygenic systems association and recombination groups sex chromosomes and autosomes legacy of sex-related genes Structure and function of DNA semi-conservative duplication a gene an enzyme / polypeptide transfer of information from DNA to RNA types of RNA transcription genetic code and translation post-translational modifications Somatic and germinal mutations point mutations chromosomal and karyotypic mutagenic substances and ionizing radiation Regulation of gene expression lac and trp operons Chemistry Molecular mass review molar mass mass The double nature of light the light of atoms Bohr atom double nature of the electron Heisenberg uncertainty principle quantum numbers and orbitals from the orbital to the shape of atoms hydrogen atom according to quantum mechanics configuration of polyelectronic atoms classification of the elements modern periodic table Symbols of Lewis periodic properties of the elements metals non metals and semimetals binding energy inert gases and the Lewis octet rule covalent bond bond length multiple bonds dative bond polar covalent bond ionic bond and ionic compounds metal bond Periodic table and chemical bonds shape of molecules VSEPR theory the link according to quantum mechanics diatomic molecules and valence bond theory (VB) hybridization of atomic orbitals polar and apolar molecules dipole-dipole forces and London forces hydrogen bond links in comparison Curriculum program (includes anticipations from the fourth and fifth program) - structure and function of nucleotides (ribonucleotides) deoxyribonucleotides ATP / GTP / derivatives cAMP CoA NAD + / FAD / NADPH) and nucleic acids (DNA RNA) with detailed references of organic chemistry and biochemistry (functional groups hydroxyl aldehyde carbonyl ketone carbonyl carboxyl amine sulfhydryl condensation reactions etherification esterification tioesterificazione fosfoesterificazione amidation cyclization of monosaccharides adrenaline-mediated triglyceride lipase activation cascade) notes on acids and bases (definitions according to Arrhenius Bronsted / Lowry Lewis pH and pOH) - notes on redox reactions (definitions) Extracurricular program reading of the novel "Jurassic Park" by Michael Chrichton (in Italian or English by choice) vision of the cinematographic transposition of Steven Spielberg (in English) and discussion of the scientific elements contained in the work (genetics biotechnology paleontology palaeobotanical bioethics) with a critical analysis of extracurricular material in English (notes on biotechnologies and recombinant DNA techniques) - example of activity carried out in a biomedical laboratory in the context of an interdisciplinary nanomedicine project (development of oxygenated nano-drops for the treatment of chronic wounds in the elderly) by reading and discussing a scientific article (Basilico et al 2015 in English) aimed at achieving essential objectives in the path of applied sciences (overall view of a scientific research project interpretation of graphs and experimental data learning of modern laboratory methods familiarization with scientific English) 3E BIOLOGY Cell cycle Mitosis and meiosis review From Mendel to inheritance models The first and second Mendel's law law of dominance and the law of segregation Punnett Square Testcross verification Mendel's third law Dominant and recessive genetic diseases Huntington's Korea achondroplasia adult polycystic kidney cystic fibrosis phenylketonuria Mediterranean anemia albinism Poliallelia Incomplete dominance codominance pleiotropy Polygenic characters and epistasis Sex chromosomes and autosomes Function of the Y chromosome Turner and Klinefelter syndrome Inheritance of sex-related characters The language of life The molecular basis of inheritance Griffith's experiments by Avery and Hershey and Chase The structure of DNA contributions by Franklin and Chargaff Chemical composition of DNA Propeller model by Watson and Crick Molecular structure of DNA Semi-conservative DNA duplication Gene expression from DNA to proteins Relationship between genes and enzymes A gene a polypeptide Transcription and translation RNA Genetic code Mutations CHEMISTRY The structure of the atom Double nature of light The light of atoms Bohr's atom Double nature of the electron Quantum mechanics Heisenberg uncertainty principle Wave equation Quantum numbers and orbitals From the orbital to the shape of the atom Electronic configuration of the elements The periodic system Classification of the elements Mendeleev periodic system Modern periodic table Periodic properties of the elements Metals non metals and semimetals Chemical bonds Bonding energy Rule of the octet Covalent bond Dative covalent bond Covalent polar bond Ionic bond Metallic bond Shape of molecules VSEPR theory The new theories of the link Limitations of the Lewis theory resonance hybrids Chemical bonding according to quantum mechanics valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory Hybridization of atomic orbitals Intermolecular forces and condensed states of matter Intermolecular forces Polar and apolar molecules Dipole-dipole forces and London forces Hydrogen bond Ties to comparison Classification and nomenclature of compounds The names of the substances Oxidation number Classification of inorganic compounds Nomenclature of binary compounds Nomenclature of ternary compounds 4A Biology The hierarchical organization of an organism organs systems and equipment epithelial tissues connective muscular and nervous homeostasis General reaction of cellular respiration ventilation and gas exchange between the atmosphere - lungs - blood - cells anatomy and mechanics of the human respiratory system nervous control gas exchanges by simple diffusion and transport of O2 and CO2 through the blood dissociation curve of hemoglobin and myoglobin Chemistry Review on the nomenclature of organic compounds Formation of a solution aqueous solutions and electrolytes the concentration of the solutions (% m / m m/V V/V ppm molarity molalità mole fraction) ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering effect of electrolytes Reaction and balance equations Stoichiometric calculations various types of reactions synthesis reactions decomposition exchange and double exchange Speed of reaction definition kinetic equation shock other factors related to the reaction v catalysts temperature and energy of the particles (graphic) graph E (H / Q) and time during a reaction And activation exo- and endoergonic reactions reversible reactions and chemical equilibrium concentration of reagents and products in a reaction that reaches equilibrium law of mass action mobile balance and principle of Le Châtelier Theories on acids and bases water ionization strength of acids and bases (Ka and Kb) pH calculation pH measurement with indicators pH-meters titration (outline) equivalent and normality neutralization Earth Science Metamorphic facies metamorphic rock structure index minerals geological classification of metamorphism (excluding hydrothermal metamorphism) classification of metamorphic rocks To the previous arguments addressed by the course professor the following are added proposed and discussed with prof M Meadow Curriculum program carried out (with advances from the fifth program) periodic table (learned by heart) and its meaning homeostasis the integumentary system the blood CBC cell types diseases biochemistry of hemoglobin intramolecular bonds (electronegativity ionic and covalent polar bonds pure or dative) intermolecular bonds (hydrogen dipole-dipole induced dipole instant dipole) review of inorganic nomenclature - concept of metabolism (catabolism & anabolism) and reactions Extracurricular program carried out example of activity carried out in a biomedical laboratory in the context of an interdisciplinary nanomedicine project (development of oxygenated nano-drops for the treatment of chronic wounds in the elderly) by reading and discussing a scientific article (Basilico et al 2015) in English aimed at achieving essential objectives overview of a scientific research project interpretation of graphs and experimental data learning of modern laboratory methods familiarization with scientific English 4As Formation of a solution Aqueous solutions and electrolytes The concentration of solutions The effect of solute on the solvent colligative properties Vapor tension the law of Rault Ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering Osmosis and osmotic pressure Solubility and saturated solutions Solubility temperature and pressure The reaction equations Stoichiometric calculations Limiting and excess reagent The reaction yield The various types of reaction Synthetic reactions decomposition exchange and double exchange Oxidation reduction reactions Power systems and environment Chemical energy of a system Reaction heat and enthalpy Reaction enthalpy Spontaneous and non-spontaneous transformations Entropy and second principle of thermodynamics Free energy Introduction to the concept of reaction speed Dynamic balance Chemical equilibrium The equilibrium constant Equilibrium and temperature constant Thermodynamics of equilibrium The principle of Le Chatelier Theories on acids and bases Water ionization Strength of acids and bases PH calculation PH measurement Neutralization reactions Acid-base titration BIOLOGY Embryology different stages of embryo development morula blastocyst gastrula (gastrulation and embryonic sheets) The hierarchical organization Organs systems and equipment Tissue regeneration homeostasis The fabrics The organization of the cardiovascular system The heart Blood vessels Exchange mechanisms and regulation of blood flow Composition and function of blood Organization and function of the respiratory system The mechanics of breathing Blood and respiratory gas exchanges Organization and function of the digestive system Digestion in the mouth and stomach Intestine pancreas and liver Digestion control and metabolism Nutrition 4B Chemistry Inorganic compounds nomenclature and reactions and exercises Solutions and properties exercises The chemical balance principle of Le Chatelier analysis and meaning of variables on equilibrium Acids and bases exchange protons water ionization strength of acids and bases pH measurement neutralization titration and hydrolysis Oxide reactions - reduction meaning oxidation numbers balancing normality and equivalents Electrochemistry spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions stack scale of standard reduction potentials electrolysis and electrolytic cell Faraday laws and applications Biology Cells and tissues physiology of nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction The cardiovascular system the heart blood vessels blood and composition circulation The respiratory system and gas exchange mechanics of breathing The digestive system organization and digestion enzymes and metabolism The endocrine system hormones work Spermatogenesis and oogenesis male and female reproductive system and development of the zygote Excretory system nephron and regulation of the water balance Earth Science Metamorphic process and metamorphic rocks classification and characteristics index minerals Geological classification of metamorphism The earthquakes elastic rebound theory internal and surface waves seismograph and seismogram and reading dromocrone determination of the epicenter and of the hypocenter Richter scale of magnitude MCS scale of intensity differences meaning and geographical distribution of earthquakes 4BS The organization of the human body hierarchical organization of the human body organs systems and equipment control of tissue regeneration homeostasis of the internal environment The cardiovascular system and blood organization of the cardiovascular system the heart blood vessels and blood movement exchange mechanisms and blood flow blood composition and function hygiene and medicine The respiratory system and gas exchange respiratory system organization and function mechanics of breathing blood and respiratory gas exchanges hygiene and medicine The digestive system and nutrition digestive system organization and function mouth and stomach first stages of digestion intestine pancreas and liver control of digestion and metabolism hygiene and medicine The properties of the solutions formation of a solution aqueous solutions and electrolytes concentration of solutions colligative properties and vapor pressure osmosis and osmotic pressure solubility saturation solubility and temperature solubility and pressure colloids and suspensions Chemical reactions reaction equations Stoichiometric calculations limiting reagent excess reagent reaction yield types of reaction of synthesis of decomposition of exchange double exchange Energy transfers energy transfers chemical energy and thermal energy endothermic and exothermic reactions combustion reactions The reaction rate reaction speed and kinetic equation factors that affect speed shock theory activation energy and reaction mechanisms The chemical balance chemical balance the products also react equilibrium constant equilibrium thermodynamics principle of Le Chatelier heterogeneous equilibria and solubility equilibria Acids and bases exchange protons acids and bases theories water ionization strength of acids and bases pH calculation and measurement neutralization between acids and bases and titration hydrolysis buffer solutions Oxidation-reduction reactions oxidation and reduction importance and recognition particular redox reactions redox balance equivalents and normality in redox EARTH SCIENCES Metamorphic process and metamorphic rocks metamorphic processes metamorphic facies metamorphic rock structure index minerals geological classification of metamorphism regional cataclastic of contact hydrothermal classification of metamorphic rocks The deformed Earth faults folds orogeny position and deformation of the rocks how rocks are deformed and factors that influence this phenomenon regional crust movements principle of isostasy diaclases and faults folds covering layers formation and evolution of the mountains orogenic models morphology of the continents cratons and orogens continent growth Earthquakes elastic behavior of the rocks seismic and cyclical phenomena seismic waves and measurement of seismic vibrations epicenter determination geographic distribution of earthquakes energy and intensity of earthquakes forecast earthquake control and prevention 4C CHEMISTRY Classification and nomenclature of compounds Ripasso The names of the substances Oxidation number Classification of inorganic compounds Nomenclature of binary compounds Nomenclature of ternary compounds The properties of the solutions Aqueous solutions and electrolytes Concentration of solutions percentage concentrations molarity and molality Colligative properties ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering Osmosis and osmotic pressure Solubility and saturated solutions Chemical reactions Reaction equations Balance Stoichiometric calculations Limiting reagent and excess reagent Reaction yield Various types of reaction Energy moves Notes on enthalpy entropy and Gibbs free energy Exothermic and endothermic reactions Spontaneous reactions Speed of reaction Speed of reaction Kinetic equation Factors that influence the reaction rate Shock theory Activation energy Reaction mechanism The chemical balance Dynamic balance Chemical equilibrium the products also react Balance constant Reaction quotient Equilibrium and temperature constant Principle of Le Châtelier Acids and bases exchange protons Theories on acids and bases Arrhenius theory Brönsted and Lowry theory Lewis theory Water ionization Strength of acids and bases Calculate pH of acid and basic solutions Measure the pH Neutralization reaction between acids and bases Acid-base titration Oxidation-reduction reactions Importance of redox reactions Oxidation and reduction what they are and how they recognize themselves Balancing of redox reactions BIOLOGY The organization of the human body The hierarchical organization Organs systems and equipment Tissue regeneration homeostasis The cardiovascular system and blood The organization of the cardiovascular system The heart Blood vessels Exchange mechanisms and blood flow regulation Composition and function of blood The respiratory system and gas exchange Organization and function of the respiratory system The mechanics of breathing Blood and respiratory gas exchanges The digestive system and nutrition Organization and function of the digestive system Digestion in the mouth and stomach Intestine pancreas and liver Digestion control and metabolism EARTH SCIENCE The deformed earth faults folds orogeny Review of diaclases and faults Folds Earthquakes The earthquake Elastic behavior of rocks Statistical cyclicity of seismic phenomena Seismic waves Measurement of seismic vibrations Determination of the epicenter of an earthquake Where earthquakes occur Earthquake energy Intensity of earthquakes Prediction and prevention of earthquakes 4Cs BIOLOGY The organization of the human body tissues and homeostasis (1 par 1 2 3 4) The cardiovascular system (2 par 1 2 3 5)) The respiratory system (3 par 1 2 3)) The digestive system (4 par 1 2 3)) The lymphatic system and immunity (6 par 1 to 6) The endocrine system (7 par 1) The reproducing system (8 par 1 2 3) CHEMISTRY Properties of solutions (17) Chemical reactions (18) Chemical equilibrium (21 par 1-2-3) Acids and bases (22) Oxidation-reduction reactions EARTH SCIENCE Metamorphism (6) Deformations of the rocks (7) Earthquakes (8) 4D The properties of the solutions to s 2018-2019 CLASS 4 ° D Teacher Letizia de Stefanis Discipline Sciences PROGRAM CARRIED OUT The solubility of substances aqueous solutions and electrolytes the concentration of solutions the effect of solute on the solvent (colligative properties) vapor pressure and Rault's law ebullioscopic elevation and cryoscopic lowering osmosis and osmotic pressure solubility and saturated solutions solubility temperature and pressure Chemical reactions The reaction equations the balancing of chemical equations stoichiometric calculations the various types of reaction (synthesis decomposition exchange and double exchange) The reaction rate Meaning of reaction speed the factors that influence the reaction rate shock theory activation energy the reaction mechanism The chemical balance The dynamic balance direct and inverse reactions the equilibrium constant the equilibrium constant and temperature the principle of Le Chatelier Acids and bases Arrhenius theory by Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis water ionization the strength of acids and bases how to calculate the pH how to measure pH neutralization the Normality Oxidation-reduction reactions The importance of redox reactions meaning of oxidation and reduction balance of redox reactions ANATOMY The organization of the human body The hierarchical organization organs systems and equipment homeostasis The cardiovascular system and blood The organization of the cardiovascular system structure and functioning of the heart blood vessels and blood movement exchange mechanisms and regulation of blood flow blood composition and functions The respiratory system and gas exchange Organization and function of the respiratory system pulmonary ventilation blood and respiratory gas exchanges The digestive system and nutrition The organization and function of the digestive system digestion in the mouth stomach and intestine the function of liver and pancreas digestion control and metabolism The lymphatic system and immunity Lymphatic organs and immune defense innate immunity adaptive immunity immunological memory The endocrine system Organization and function of the endocrine system the endocrine pancreas and blood glucose control Reproduction and development Functioning of the male and female reproductive system pathologies of the male and female reproductive system GEOLOGY Metamorphic process and metamorphic rocks Petrology of metamorphism types of metamorphism The deformed earth let them folds orogeny Rheological behavior of rocks deformation structures in the crust (folds and faults) orogeny Earthquakes Propagation of seismic waves the force of earthquakes live with the earthquake 5Ds C1 Organic chemistry Carbon compounds the carbon atom isomers stereoisomers chirality The characteristics of organic compounds physical properties reactivity the functional groups the inductive effect homolytic and heterolytic reactions electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents C2 Organic chemistry hydrocarbons The alkanes carbon hybridization classification and nomenclature Physical properties and reactions Alkenes hybridization isomerism physical properties and addition reactions to the double bond Alkynes hybridization isomerism physical properties and addition reactions Aromatic hydrocarbons formula and resonance hybrids electrophilic substitution reactions (Nitration) C3 Organic chemistry hydrocarbon derivatives The alcohols nomenclature classification reactions physical and chemical properties The ethers nomenclature classification physical properties Phenols nomenclature classification physical properties The aldehydes nomenclature classification physical properties The ketones nomenclature classification physical properties Carboxylic acids nomenclature classification physical and chemical properties reactions The derivatives of carboxylic acids foreigners nomenclature synthesis and reactions The amides nomenclature classification reactions The amines nomenclature classification physical and chemical properties Polymers homopolymers and copolymers radical addition and condensation reactions physical properties B1 Biochemistry the biomolecules Carbohydrates monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides reactions Lipids triglycerides reactions soaps Phospholipids glycolipids and steroids Amino acids and proteins classification structures Nucleotides and nucleic acids structures and features B2 Biochemistry energy and enzymes Energy of biochemical reactions ATP reactions biological meaning Enzymes and the reaction mechanism enzyme catalysis B3 Biochemistry energy metabolism Metabolism coenzymes and reactions Glycolysis enzymes reactions pyruvate production and biological significance Alcoholic and lactic fermentation reactions and meaning Cell respiration mitochondria and features decarboxylation of pyruvate The Krebs cycle reactions enzymes ATP production NADH and FADH2 oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory chain chemosmosis and ATP synthase the energy balance of glucose oxidation Gluconeogenesis glycogen synthesis and glycogenolysis reactions and biological meaning B4 Biochemistry Photosynthesis general characters the energy of light to excite the molecules the electromagnetic spectrum the pigments the absorption and action spectrum the photosystems with the antenna system and the reaction center The electron flow of the luced independent phase ATP NADPH water photolysis and photophosphorylation The Calvin cycle and the synthesis of sugars glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and its derivatives B5 Biotechnologies genes and their regulation Gene transcription the various ANNs regulation of gene expression and the transcription unit The operon structure of prokaryotes inducible lac operon reportable operon trp mechanism of regulation of transcription Transcription in eukaryotes RNA polymerase 1 2 3 the basal transcriptional mechanism Adjustment before transcription epigenetic changes DNA methylation the modifications of histone proteins by acetylation and methylation euchromatin and heterochromatin Adjustment after transcription the primary transcript splicing and elimination of introns the spliceosome ribonucleoproteins splicing factors the poly-A hood and tail Non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression the microRNAs siRNAs gene silencing antisense technology The regulation of transcription in viruses general characteristics of viruses lytic and lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages RNA viruses of human influenza human immunodeficiency (HIV) Plasmids F sexual pili and bacterial conjugation R plasmids for antibiotic resistance Transduction as a mechanism of genetic variability in bacteria by bacteriophages B6 Biotechnologies techniques and tools Recombinant DNA genetic engineering restriction enzymes DNA ligase and their functions Plasmid vectors for the transfer of genes from one organism to another The cloning of a gene by inserting a plasmid into a cell viral vectors Isolate and amplify genes cDNA copy hybridization and probe strands PCR and DNA amplification electrophoresis on agarose and polyacrylamide gels Southern blotting technique Northern blotting DNA sequencing proteins and the Western blotting technique Biotechnology Laboratory Laboratory of forensic biotechnology Meaning of race in genetics The interior of the Earth Structure of the Earth Internal heat of the Earth The Earth's core The Earth's mantle The earth's crust Terrestrial magnetism Terrestrial paleomagnetism Plate tectonics a unified theory General concepts and historical notes What is a lithospheric plate? The margins of the plates When the plates are born Plates and convective motions Global Mosaic Plaques and earthquakes Plaques and volcanoes Expansion of the ocean floor Mid-ocean ridges The structure of the oceanic crust Expansion of the ocean floor Expansion mechanism Evidence of oceanic expansion the magnetic anomalies of the ocean bottoms the age of oceanic sediments heat flow in oceanic ridges age - depth relationship of the oceanic crust transform faults hot spots and thermal plumes The continental margins Continental margin types Passive continental margins Continental margins transform Active continental margins the ocean pit the subduction zone the arc-fossa interval the magmatic arch e the back-arc area Plate tectonics and orogenesis The lost oceans the ophiolites Climate change Climate and meteorology the factors and elements of the climate the greenhouse effect non-anthropic causes anthropic causes treaties and solution proposals Watching the movie Before the flood What are the climate changes causes and consequences Study on the impact of temperature variation